5 2.2 Word Choice

Effective writing involves making conscious choices about which words best convey your ideas to the reader. Precise selection of your words will help you be more clearly understood.

If you have always been an avid reader, your vocabulary is probably large and you generally use words correctly. The best time to develop language skills is as a child, but it’s never too late to start. The more you read, the larger your vocabulary gets and the more the rules of language use are automatically embedded in your brain.

But studying how to use words can also expand your vocabulary and increase your ability to use words correctly.

Use a Dictionary and Thesaurus

Even professional writers need help with the meaning, spelling, pronunciation, and use of some words. They rely on dictionaries to help them write. No one knows every word in the English language and their multiple uses and meanings, so all writers, from beginners to professionals, can benefit from using a dictionary and a thesaurus.

Most good dictionaries provide the following information:

• Spelling: how the word and its different forms are spelled
• Pronunciation: how to say the word
• Part of speech: the function of the word in a sentence
• Definition: the meaning or meanings of the word
• Synonyms: words that have similar meanings
• Etymology: the history of the word

Look at the following dictionary entry and see if you can identify parts from the list above:

myth, mith, n. [Gr. mythos, a word, a fable, a legend.] A fable or legend embodying the convictions of a people as to their gods or other divine beings, their beginnings and early history and the heroes connected with it, or the origin of the world; any invented story, having no existence in fact.—myth • ic, myth • i • cal

A thesaurus gives a list of synonyms. It also lists antonyms. A thesaurus will help you find the perfect word to convey your ideas. It will also help you learn more words. But be careful: never simply replace one word with another unless you are sure you know what the replacement word means!

Here is an example thesaurus entry. It gives the word, its part of speech, an example of its use, and synonyms and antonyms.

precocious adj, She’s such a precocious child.: uncommonly smart, mature, advanced, bright, brilliant, gifted, quick, clever. Ant. slow, backward, stupid.

Every time you use a dictionary or a thesaurus, the number of ways you can express yourself grows and the correctness of your writing improves.

Recognizing Connotations

“Denotation” is the dictionary definition of a word, its literal meaning. A “connotation” is the emotional or cultural meaning attached to a word. The connotation of a word can be positive, negative, or neutral. Writers must keep connotative meanings in mind when choosing a word.

Look at the difference illustrated here:

These words have very similar denotative meanings; however, their connotations differ dramatically.

Avoiding Slang and Clichés

Slang is informal words that are non-standard English. “Non-standard” means “not accepted by most people as correct.” Slang is language used by a specific group and often changes over time as new fads appear. For example, the word “cool” was common slang in the 1960s, whereas “cold” is common slang these days. Slang is appropriate between friends in an informal context, but should be avoided in academic writing.

Clichés are expressions that have lost their effectiveness because they are overused. For example, the phrase “fluffy white clouds” is boring because we’ve heard it a million times. The poet Rupert Brooke called clouds “rounds of snow.” Better, right? We aren’t all poets, but writing that uses clichés suffers from a lack of originality and insight. Avoiding clichés will help your writing feel original and fresh. Here is an example:

• Cliché: When my brother and I have an argument, he says things that make my blood boil.
• Better: When my brother and I have an argument, he says things that make me really angry.
• Original: When my brother and I have an argument, he says things that make me want to go to the gym and punch the bag for a few hours.

Avoiding Overly General Words

General words are vague and boring. Specific words and images make writing more interesting to read. Details bring your words to life. They provide color, texture, sound, even smell.

Which sentence in each pair is stronger, more visual, and more fun to read?

• My new puppy is cute.
• My new puppy is a ball of white fuzz with eyes like black olives.

• My teacher told us plagiarism is bad.
• My teacher, Ms. Atwater, explained exactly how plagiarism is illegal and unethical.

Notice that it isn’t the use of fancy words that makes an image vivid; it’s the use of specific examples.